Acnehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne
Acne occurs when dead skin cells and oil clog hair follicles. Typical features include blackheads or whiteheads, pimples, and oily skin. It primarily affects areas with a relatively high number of oil glands, such as the face, upper chest, and back. Acne commonly appears in adolescence and affects an estimated 80–90 % of teenagers in the Western world, while some rural societies report lower rates than industrialized ones.

In both sexes, hormones called androgens play a role in the underlying mechanism by increasing sebum production. Another common factor is the excessive growth of the bacterium Cutibacterium acnes, which normally resides on the skin.

Treatments applied directly to the affected skin—such as azelaic acid, benzoyl peroxide, and salicylic acid—are commonly used. Antibiotics and retinoids are available in both topical formulations and oral tablets for acne treatment. However, antibiotic resistance may develop with prolonged use. Several types of birth‑control pills can help prevent acne in women. Early and aggressive treatment with isotretinoin may reduce long‑term complications.

○ Treatment
Adapalene gel is widely used because it suppresses sebum secretion and helps prevent acne recurrence. It can irritate the skin if too much is applied initially. Benzoyl peroxide and azelaic acid are effective on inflammatory lesions because they reduce inflammation. In general, a treatment course lasting one month or longer is required to see an effect.

#Benzoyl peroxide [OXY-10]
#Adapalene gel [Differin]
#Tretinoin cream

#Minocycline
#Isotretinoin
#Topical clindamycin
#Comedone extraction
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  • Acne on the torso. The upper torso and back are common sites for acne.
  • Typical cheek acne.
  • Acne can appear on the back. If it suddenly spreads widely across the back, a drug eruption should be considered.
  • Typical forehead acne. In adolescence, acne often begins on the forehead.
  • In the center of the image, a white, non‑inflammatory comedone is seen.
References Diagnosis and treatment of acne 23062156
Acne, the most common skin condition in the United States, is a persistent inflammatory skin problem. Treatment aims at addressing four main factors contributing to acne: excessive sebum production, skin cell buildup, Propionibacterium acnes colonization, and resulting inflammation. Topical retinoids effectively manage both inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions by preventing and reducing comedones while addressing inflammation. Benzoyl peroxide, available over-the-counter, is a bactericidal agent without promoting bacterial resistance. While topical and oral antibiotics work alone, combining them with topical retinoids enhances their effectiveness. Adding benzoyl peroxide to antibiotic therapy lowers the risk of bacterial resistance. Oral isotretinoin, approved for severe and stubborn acne, is administered through the iPLEDGE program.
 Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris 26897386
Common topical treatments for acne include benzoyl peroxide (BP), salicylic acid, antibiotics, combinations of antibiotics with BP, retinoids, combinations of retinoids with BP or antibiotics, azelaic acid, sulfone agents. Oral antibiotics have long been a key part of acne treatment, especially for moderate to severe cases. They work best when used alongside a topical retinoid and BP. Tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), trimethoprim, erythromycin, azithromycin, amoxicillin, cephalexin have all shown evidence of effectiveness.
 Acne Vulgaris: Diagnosis and Treatment 31613567
Topical retinoids are always recommended for treating acne. When using systemic or topical antibiotics, it's important to combine them with benzoyl peroxide and retinoids, but only for up to 12 weeks. Isotretinoin is reserved for severe cases of acne that haven't responded to other treatments. While there's some evidence for physical treatments like laser therapy and chemical peels, as well as complementary approaches such as purified bee venom and certain diets, their effectiveness is still uncertain.
 Effects of Diet on Acne and Its Response to Treatment 32748305 
NIH
Several studies have evaluated the significance of the glycemic index of various foods and glycemic load in patients with acne, demonstrating individuals with acne who consume diets with a low glycemic load have reduced acne lesions compared with individuals on high glycemic load diets. Dairy has also been a focus of study regarding dietary influences on acne; whey proteins responsible for the insulinotropic effects of milk may contribute more to acne development than the actual fat or dairy content. Other studies have examined the effects of omega-3 fatty acid and γ-linoleic acid consumption in individuals with acne, showing individuals with acne benefit from diets consisting of fish and healthy oils, thereby increasing omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake. Recent research into the effects of probiotic administration in individuals with acne present promising results; further study of the effects of probiotics on acne is needed to support the findings of these early studies.