Malignant melanomahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanoma
Malignant melanoma nau'in ciwon daji ne na fata wanda ke tasowa daga sel masu samar da launi da aka sani da melanocytes. A cikin mata, sun fi faruwa a kan ƙafafu, yayin da a cikin maza, sun fi faruwa a baya. Kimanin kashi 25% na melanoma suna tasowa daga nevus. Canje-canje a cikin nevi wanda zai iya nuna melanoma sun haɗa da karuwa a girman, gefuna marasa daidaituwa, canjin launi, ko miki.

Babban dalilin melanoma shine hasken ultraviolet a cikin waɗanda ke da ƙananan matakan melanin pigment na fata (fararen yawan jama'a). Hasken UV na iya kasancewa daga rana ko na'urorin tanning. Wadanda ke da nevus da yawa, tarihin melanoma na 'yan uwa, da rashin aikin rigakafi suna cikin haɗari mafi girma a melanoma.

Yin amfani da kariyar rana da guje wa hasken UV na iya hana melanoma. Ana cire jiyya ta hanyar tiyata. A cikin waɗanda ke da ciwon daji mafi girma, ana iya gwada ƙwayoyin lymph na kusa don yaduwa (metastasis). Yawancin mutane suna warkewa idan metastasis bai faru ba. Ga wadanda melanoma ya yadu a cikinsu, immunotherapy, ilimin halittu, farfesa radiation, ko chemotherapy na iya inganta rayuwa. Tare da jiyya, adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar a Amurka shine kashi 99% cikin waɗanda ke da cututtukan gida, 65% lokacin da cutar ta yadu zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph, kuma 25% a cikin waɗanda ke da yaduwa mai nisa.

Melanoma shine nau'in kansar fata mafi haɗari. Ostiraliya da New Zealand suna da mafi girman adadin melanoma a duniya. Yawan cutar melanoma kuma yana faruwa a Arewacin Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Melanoma na faruwa da yawa a Asiya, Afirka, da Latin Amurka. A Amurka, melanoma yana faruwa kusan sau 1.6 fiye da sau da yawa a cikin maza fiye da mata.

○ alamu da alamomi
Alamun farko na melanoma canje-canje ne zuwa siffa ko launi na nevus da ke akwai. A cikin yanayin nodular melanoma, shine bayyanar sabon kullu akan fata. A mataki na gaba na melanoma, nevi na iya yin ƙaiƙayi, ulcerate, ko zubar jini.

[A-Asymmetry] Asymmetry na siffar
[B-Borders] Border (wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da gefuna da sasanninta)
[C-Color] Launi (mai bambanta da mara daidaituwa)
[D-Diameter] Diamita (fiye da 6 mm = 0.24 inch = game da girman goge fensir)
[E-Evolving] Juyawa akan lokaci

cf) Seborrheic keratosis na iya saduwa da wasu ko duk ma'aunin ABCD, kuma zai iya haifar da ƙararrawa na ƙarya.

Metastasis na farkon melanoma zai yiwu, amma in mun gwada da wuya; kasa da kashi biyar na melanoma da aka gano da wuri sun zama metastatic. Metastases na kwakwalwa suna da yawa a cikin marasa lafiya tare da melanoma. Metastatic melanoma kuma na iya yaduwa zuwa hanta, kasusuwa, ciki, ko nodes na lymph mai nisa.

○ Diagnosis
Duban yankin da ake tambaya shine mafi yawan hanyar da ake zargin melanoma. Nevus waɗanda ba su da ka'ida a cikin launi ko siffa ana ɗaukar su azaman 'yan takarar melanoma.
Likitoci yawanci suna bincika duk moles, gami da waɗanda ƙasa da mm 6 a diamita. Lokacin da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu ƙwararru ne, Demncopy ya taimaka sosai don gano raunukan raunuka fiye da amfani da tsirara tsirara kadai. Ana gano cutar ta hanyar biopsy na kowane rauni na fata wanda ke da alamun yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar kansa.

○ maganin
#Mohs surgery

Likitanku na iya ba da shawarar immunotherapy musamman idan kuna da mataki na 3 ko mataki na 4 melanoma wanda ba za a iya cirewa tare da tiyata ba.
#Ipilimumab [Yervoy]
#Pembrolizumab [Keytruda]
#Nivolumab [Opdivo]
☆ A cikin sakamakon Stiftung Warentest na 2022 daga Jamus, gamsuwar mabukaci tare da ModelDerm ya ɗan yi ƙasa kaɗan fiye da biyan shawarwarin telemedicine.
  • Melanoma na kusan 2.5cm (inch 1) ta 1.5cm (0.6 inch)
  • M Melanoma - cinya na tsakiya dama. Seborrheic keratosis za a iya la'akari da shi azaman ganewar asali.
  • Malignant Melanoma in situ ― Kafadar Gaba. Kodayake siffar raunin yana da asymmetric, an bayyana shi da kyau tare da ko da launi. A Asiyawa, waɗannan raunuka galibi suna kasancewa a matsayin lentigo mara kyau, amma yakamata a buƙaci biopsy a cikin mutanen Yammacin Turai.
  • M Melanoma - Ciwon baya. A Asiya, galibi ana gano shi a matsayin lentigo, amma ya kamata a yi biopsy a mutanen Yamma.
  • Babban acral lentiginous melanoma ― A Asiya, acral melanoma akan tafin hannu da tafin hannu ya zama ruwan dare, yayin da a yammacin yammacin duniya, melanoma a wuraren da rana ke fallasa.
  • Mai laushi black plaque da ke kewaye da raunin shine gano gama gari a acral melanoma.
  • Baƙin tabo wanda ya mamaye yankin matrix na ƙusa a wajen ƙusa yana nuna rashin lafiya.
  • Amelanotic melanoma ƙarƙashin ƙusa abu ne da ba kasafai ke faruwa ba. Ga tsofaffi waɗanda ke da nakasar ƙusa ba bisa ka'ida ba, ana iya la'akari da biopsy don bincika duka melanoma da carcinoma squamous cell.
  • Nodular melanoma
  • Amelanotic Melanoma ― Cinya ta baya. Mutane masu fatar fata sukan sami ciwon lightly pigmented or amelanotic melanomas. Wannan shari'ar baya nuna sauƙaƙan canje-canjen launi ko bambancin gani.
  • Scalp ― A Asiyawa, ana yawan gano irin waɗannan lokuta azaman lentigo mara kyau (ba melanoma ba). Duk da haka, manyan faci masu launi a wuraren da ke fuskantar rana suna buƙatar biopsy a cikin mutanen Yammacin Turai.
  • M Melanoma - hannun gaba. Ciwon yana nuna siffar asymmetric da iyakar da ba ta dace ba.
  • Malignant Melanoma in situ - Hannun hannu.
  • M melanoma a tsakiyar baya. Kasancewar facin miki yana nuna ko dai melanoma ko basal cell carcinoma.
  • Melanoma a ƙafa. Siffar asymmetric da launi, da kumburin rakiyar suna nuna melanoma.
  • Acral melanoma ― Nail a Asiya. Baƙar fata ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda ya wuce fata ta al'ada a kusa da ƙusa shine muhimmin binciken da ke nuna rashin ƙarfi.
  • Ko da yake an gano wannan yanayin a matsayin melanoma, binciken gani ya fi kama da hematoma na ƙusa. Nail hematomas (benign) yawanci yana ɓacewa cikin wata ɗaya zuwa biyu yayin da aka fitar da su. Don haka, idan raunin ya ci gaba na dogon lokaci, ana iya zargin melanoma kuma ya kamata a yi biopsy.
  • Amelanotic nodular melanoma - Bayyanar melanoma da ba a saba ba
References Malignant Melanoma 29262210 
NIH
Melanoma wani nau'in ƙari ne wanda ke samuwa lokacin da melanocytes suka zama m. Melanocytes sun samo asali ne daga jijiyoyi. Wannan yana nufin cewa melanoma na iya haɓaka ba kawai akan fata ba har ma a wasu wuraren da ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi ke tafiya, kamar ƙwayar gastrointestinal da kwakwalwa. Marasa lafiya tare da mataki na 0 melanoma suna da adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar na 97%, yayin da waɗanda ke da cutar mataki na IV suna da ƙimar kusan 10%.
A melanoma is a tumor produced by the malignant transformation of melanocytes. Melanocytes are derived from the neural crest; consequently, melanomas, although they usually occur on the skin, can arise in other locations where neural crest cells migrate, such as the gastrointestinal tract and brain. The five-year relative survival rate for patients with stage 0 melanoma is 97%, compared with about 10% for those with stage IV disease.
 European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline for melanoma. Part 1: Diagnostics: Update 2022 35570085
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) nau'in ciwon fata ne mai hatsarin gaske, mai alhakin kashi 90% na mutuwar ciwon daji. Don magance wannan, masana daga the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) , the European Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO) , and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) sun haɗa kai.
Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a highly dangerous type of skin tumor, responsible for 90% of skin cancer deaths. To address this, experts from the European Dermatology Forum (EDF), the European Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO), and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) had collaborated.
 Immunotherapy in the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma: Current Knowledge and Future Directions 32671117 
NIH
Melanoma, nau'in ciwon daji na fata, ya fito fili don dangantakarsa da tsarin rigakafi. Wannan ya bayyana ne daga yadda ya karu a cikin mutanen da ke da raunin tsarin garkuwar jiki, kasancewar kwayoyin garkuwar jiki a cikin ciwace-ciwacen farko da kuma yaduwarsu zuwa wasu sassan jiki, da kuma yadda tsarin garkuwar jiki ke iya gane wasu sunadaran da ake samu a cikin kwayoyin halittar melanoma. Mahimmanci, jiyya waɗanda ke haɓaka tsarin rigakafi sun nuna alƙawarin yaƙi da melanoma. Yayin da yin amfani da magungunan haɓakar rigakafi wajen magance cutar melanoma na ci gaba ne na baya-bayan nan, bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa haɗa waɗannan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali tare da chemotherapy, radiotherapy, ko magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da aka yi niyya na iya inganta sakamako sosai. Koyaya, irin wannan immunotherapy na iya haifar da kewayon illa masu alaƙa da rigakafi waɗanda ke shafar gabobin daban-daban, waɗanda zasu iya iyakance amfani da shi. Duban gaba, hanyoyin da za a bi don magance ci gaban melanoma na iya haɗawa da hanyoyin kwantar da hankali waɗanda ke niyya takamaiman wuraren bincike na rigakafi kamar PD1, ko magungunan da ke tsoma baki tare da takamaiman hanyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kamar BRAF da MEK.
Melanoma is one of the most immunologic malignancies based on its higher prevalence in immune-compromised patients, the evidence of brisk lymphocytic infiltrates in both primary tumors and metastases, the documented recognition of melanoma antigens by tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and, most important, evidence that melanoma responds to immunotherapy. The use of immunotherapy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma is a relatively late discovery for this malignancy. Recent studies have shown a significantly higher success rate with combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted molecular therapy. Immunotherapy is associated to a panel of dysimmune toxicities called immune-related adverse events that can affect one or more organs and may limit its use. Future directions in the treatment of metastatic melanoma include immunotherapy with anti-PD1 antibodies or targeted therapy with BRAF and MEK inhibitors.