Herpes simplex
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Herpes simplex na usnici.
Herpes simplex – infekcija prstiju uzrokovana herpes simplexom je češća kod male djece nego kod odraslih.
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ReferencesHSV‑1 infekcija prolazi kroz primarnu infekciju epitelnih stanica, nakon čega slijedi latencija, uglavnom u neuronima, te reaktivacija. HSV‑1 obično uzrokuje početne i ponavljajuće vezikularne erupcije, najčešće na usnoj sluznici i genitalnoj sluznici. Njegove manifestacije variraju od orolabijalnog herpesa do različitih stanja, poput herpetičkog folikulitisa, kožnih infekcija, zahvaćenosti oka i teških slučajeva, kao što je herpesni encefalitis. Antivirusna terapija pomaže u upravljanju HSV‑infekcijom.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a member of the Alphaherpesviridae subfamily. Its structure is composed of linear dsDNA, an icosahedral capsid that is 100 to 110 nm in diameter, with a spikey envelope. In general, the pathogenesis of HSV-1 infection follows a cycle of primary infection of epithelial cells, latency primarily in neurons, and reactivation. HSV-1 is responsible for establishing primary and recurrent vesicular eruptions, primarily in the orolabial and genital mucosa. HSV-1 infection has a wide variety of presentations, including orolabial herpes, herpetic sycosis (HSV folliculitis), herpes gladiatorum, herpetic whitlow, ocular HSV infection, herpes encephalitis, Kaposi varicelliform eruption (eczema herpeticum), and severe or chronic HSV infection. Antiviral therapy limits the course of HSV infection.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a member of the Alphaherpesviridae subfamily. Its structure is composed of linear dsDNA, an icosahedral capsid that is 100 to 110 nm in diameter, with a spikey envelope. In general, the pathogenesis of HSV-1 infection follows a cycle of primary infection of epithelial cells, latency primarily in neurons, and reactivation. HSV-1 is responsible for establishing primary and recurrent vesicular eruptions, primarily in the orolabial and genital mucosa. HSV-1 infection has a wide variety of presentations, including orolabial herpes, herpetic sycosis (HSV folliculitis), herpes gladiatorum, herpetic whitlow, ocular HSV infection, herpes encephalitis, Kaposi varicelliform eruption (eczema herpeticum), and severe or chronic HSV infection. Antiviral therapy limits the course of HSV infection.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) je široko rasprostranjena infekcija koja pogađa oko 22 % odraslih u dobi od 12 i više godina, što ukupno iznosi 45 milijuna odraslih u Sjedinjenim Državama. Dok HSV-1 obično uzrokuje ranice u ustima, može dovesti i do genitalnih lezija. Međutim, kada pacijenti imaju genitalne lezije, HSV-2 je obično glavni uzročnik. Simptomi izbijanja HSV-2 često su nejasni, poput genitalnog svrbeža i iritacije, što može odgoditi dijagnozu i liječenje. Ova odgoda može rezultirati daljnjim prijenosom na nezaražene osobe.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) continues to be a common infection, affecting approximately 22% of adults ages 12 and older, representing 45 million adults in the United States alone. While HSV-1 often affects the perioral region and can be known to cause genital lesions, HSV-2 is more commonly the consideration when patients present with genital lesions. Despite this, most outbreaks of the infection will present with nonspecific symptoms such as genital itching, irritation, and excoriations, which may cause diagnosis and treatment to be delayed. As a result, further exposure to uninfected individuals may occur.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) continues to be a common infection, affecting approximately 22% of adults ages 12 and older, representing 45 million adults in the United States alone. While HSV-1 often affects the perioral region and can be known to cause genital lesions, HSV-2 is more commonly the consideration when patients present with genital lesions. Despite this, most outbreaks of the infection will present with nonspecific symptoms such as genital itching, irritation, and excoriations, which may cause diagnosis and treatment to be delayed. As a result, further exposure to uninfected individuals may occur.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) obično uzrokuje infekcije poput genitalnog herpesa i herpesa kod tinejdžera i odraslih. Kada HSV zarazi dojenče u prvih 4–6 tjedana života, to može dovesti do teške bolesti s ozbiljnim posljedicama. Brzo dijagnosticiranje neonatalne HSV infekcije ključno je za sprječavanje pogoršanja bolesti i neuroloških komplikacija (čak i smrti).
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a well-known cause of infections including genital herpes and herpes labialis in the adolescent and adult population. Transmission of HSV infection to an infant during the first 4-6 weeks of life can lead to devastating disease with the potential for poor outcomes. Early diagnosis is imperative when evaluating neonatal HSV infection in order to prevent further disease progression, neurological complications, and even death.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a well-known cause of infections including genital herpes and herpes labialis in the adolescent and adult population. Transmission of HSV infection to an infant during the first 4-6 weeks of life can lead to devastating disease with the potential for poor outcomes. Early diagnosis is imperative when evaluating neonatal HSV infection in order to prevent further disease progression, neurological complications, and even death.
Herpes simplex infekcija je vrlo česta i može se prenijeti s trudnice na bebu. Ovaj virus može uzrokovati ozbiljne zdravstvene probleme ili čak smrt kod novorođenčadi. Iako se rijetko javlja tijekom same trudnoće, najčešće se prenosi tijekom poroda. Rizik je najveći ako se majka zarazi u kasnijim fazama trudnoće. Međutim, taj se rizik može smanjiti primjenom antivirusnih lijekova ili odabirom carskog reza u određenim situacijama.
Infection with herpes simplex is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Because the infection is common in women of reproductive age it can be contracted and transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy and the newborn. Herpes simplex virus is an important cause of neonatal infection, which can lead to death or long-term disabilities. Rarely in the uterus, it occurs frequently during the transmission delivery. The greatest risk of transmission to the fetus and the newborn occurs in case of an initial maternal infection contracted in the second half of pregnancy. The risk of transmission of maternal-fetal-neonatal herpes simplex can be decreased by performing a treatment with antiviral drugs or resorting to a caesarean section in some specific cases.
Infection with herpes simplex is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Because the infection is common in women of reproductive age it can be contracted and transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy and the newborn. Herpes simplex virus is an important cause of neonatal infection, which can lead to death or long-term disabilities. Rarely in the uterus, it occurs frequently during the transmission delivery. The greatest risk of transmission to the fetus and the newborn occurs in case of an initial maternal infection contracted in the second half of pregnancy. The risk of transmission of maternal-fetal-neonatal herpes simplex can be decreased by performing a treatment with antiviral drugs or resorting to a caesarean section in some specific cases.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) tipova 1 i 2 zaraze mnoge ljude diljem svijeta. Obično virus ostaje latentan u živčanim stanicama nakon što inficira kožu, ali se kasnije može ponovno aktivirati, uzrokujući herpes. Ponekad dovodi do ozbiljnih problema, poput infekcija oka, upale mozga ili opasnih stanja kod novorođenčadi i osoba s oslabljenim imunološkim sustavom. Iako trenutačni lijekovi pomažu u kontroli infekcija, rizik od razvoja rezistencije na lijekove i nuspojave i dalje izazivaju zabrinutost. Potrebni su novi lijekovi za učinkovitije ciljanje virusa.
Infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 is ubiquitous in the human population. Most commonly, virus replication is limited to the epithelia and establishes latency in enervating sensory neurons, reactivating periodically to produce localized recurrent lesions. However, these viruses can also cause severe disease such as recurrent keratitis leading potentially to blindness, as well as encephalitis, and systemic disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. Although antiviral therapy has allowed continual and substantial improvement in the management of both primary and recurrent infections, resistance to currently available drugs and long-term toxicity pose a current and future threat that should be addressed through the development of new antiviral compounds directed against new targets.
Infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 is ubiquitous in the human population. Most commonly, virus replication is limited to the epithelia and establishes latency in enervating sensory neurons, reactivating periodically to produce localized recurrent lesions. However, these viruses can also cause severe disease such as recurrent keratitis leading potentially to blindness, as well as encephalitis, and systemic disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. Although antiviral therapy has allowed continual and substantial improvement in the management of both primary and recurrent infections, resistance to currently available drugs and long-term toxicity pose a current and future threat that should be addressed through the development of new antiviral compounds directed against new targets.
Postoje dva tipa herpes simplex virusa, tip 1 (HSV-1) i tip 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 češće uzrokuje infekcije oko usta, dok HSV-2 češće uzrokuje genitalne infekcije. Prenose se izravnim kontaktom sa zaraženom osobom. Genitalni herpes klasificira se kao spolno prenosiva infekcija. Može se prenijeti na dojenče tijekom poroda. Nakon infekcije, virusi se prenose osjetnim živcima do živčanih stanica, gdje ostaju doživotno. Uzroci recidiva mogu uključivati smanjenu imunološku funkciju, stres i izloženost sunčevoj svjetlosti.
U većini slučajeva antivirusni lijekovi se uzimaju samo kada su simptomi ozbiljni. Svakodnevno uzimanje antivirusnih lijekova može se propisati nekome tko ima vrlo česte infekcije. Ne postoji dostupno cjepivo, a cjepivo protiv herpesa ne sprječava infekciju herpes simplexom. Liječenje antivirusnim lijekovima poput acyclovir ili valacyclovir može smanjiti ozbiljnost simptoma.
Svjetske prevalencije HSV-1 i HSV-2 kod odraslih iznose između 60 % i 95 %. HSV-1 se obično prenosi tijekom djetinjstva. Procjenjuje se da je 536 milijuna ljudi diljem svijeta (16 % stanovništva) bilo zaraženo HSV-2 od 2003. godine, s većim stopama među ženama i u zemljama u razvoju. Većina ljudi s HSV-2 ne zna da su zaraženi.
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