Herpes simplex - Herpes Simpleks
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Herpes simpleks pada bibir.
Herpes Simpleks (Herpes simplex) – Infeksi herpes simpleks pada jari lebih sering terjadi pada anak‑anak dibandingkan orang dewasa.
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ReferencesInfeksi HSV-1 dimulai dengan infeksi primer pada sel epitel, kemudian virus memasuki fase laten terutama di neuron, dan dapat diaktifkan kembali. HSV-1 biasanya menyebabkan lesi vesikuler pertama kali dan berulang, terutama pada mukosa mulut dan genital. Manifestasinya meliputi herpes orolabial serta kondisi lain seperti folikulitis herpes, infeksi kulit, keterlibatan mata, hingga komplikasi berat seperti herpes ensefalitis. Terapi antivirus dapat membantu mengatasi infeksi HSV.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a member of the Alphaherpesviridae subfamily. Its structure is composed of linear dsDNA, an icosahedral capsid that is 100 to 110 nm in diameter, with a spikey envelope. In general, the pathogenesis of HSV-1 infection follows a cycle of primary infection of epithelial cells, latency primarily in neurons, and reactivation. HSV-1 is responsible for establishing primary and recurrent vesicular eruptions, primarily in the orolabial and genital mucosa. HSV-1 infection has a wide variety of presentations, including orolabial herpes, herpetic sycosis (HSV folliculitis), herpes gladiatorum, herpetic whitlow, ocular HSV infection, herpes encephalitis, Kaposi varicelliform eruption (eczema herpeticum), and severe or chronic HSV infection. Antiviral therapy limits the course of HSV infection.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a member of the Alphaherpesviridae subfamily. Its structure is composed of linear dsDNA, an icosahedral capsid that is 100 to 110 nm in diameter, with a spikey envelope. In general, the pathogenesis of HSV-1 infection follows a cycle of primary infection of epithelial cells, latency primarily in neurons, and reactivation. HSV-1 is responsible for establishing primary and recurrent vesicular eruptions, primarily in the orolabial and genital mucosa. HSV-1 infection has a wide variety of presentations, including orolabial herpes, herpetic sycosis (HSV folliculitis), herpes gladiatorum, herpetic whitlow, ocular HSV infection, herpes encephalitis, Kaposi varicelliform eruption (eczema herpeticum), and severe or chronic HSV infection. Antiviral therapy limits the course of HSV infection.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) adalah infeksi yang tersebar luas, menyerang sekitar 22 % orang dewasa berusia 12 tahun ke atas, dengan total 45 juta orang dewasa di Amerika Serikat. Meskipun HSV-1 biasanya menyebabkan luka pada mulut, virus ini juga dapat menimbulkan lesi pada alat kelamin. Namun, bila pasien mengalami lesi genital, HSV-2 biasanya menjadi penyebab utama. Gejala infeksi HSV-2 seringkali tidak spesifik, seperti rasa gatal dan iritasi pada alat kelamin, sehingga dapat menunda diagnosis dan pengobatan. Keterlambatan ini dapat mengakibatkan penularan lebih lanjut kepada orang yang belum terinfeksi.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) continues to be a common infection, affecting approximately 22% of adults ages 12 and older, representing 45 million adults in the United States alone. While HSV-1 often affects the perioral region and can be known to cause genital lesions, HSV-2 is more commonly the consideration when patients present with genital lesions. Despite this, most outbreaks of the infection will present with nonspecific symptoms such as genital itching, irritation, and excoriations, which may cause diagnosis and treatment to be delayed. As a result, further exposure to uninfected individuals may occur.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) continues to be a common infection, affecting approximately 22% of adults ages 12 and older, representing 45 million adults in the United States alone. While HSV-1 often affects the perioral region and can be known to cause genital lesions, HSV-2 is more commonly the consideration when patients present with genital lesions. Despite this, most outbreaks of the infection will present with nonspecific symptoms such as genital itching, irritation, and excoriations, which may cause diagnosis and treatment to be delayed. As a result, further exposure to uninfected individuals may occur.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) umumnya menyebabkan infeksi seperti herpes genital dan luka dingin pada remaja serta orang dewasa. Jika HSV menginfeksi bayi dalam 4–6 minggu pertama kehidupannya, hal ini dapat mengakibatkan penyakit parah dengan konsekuensi serius. Mendiagnosis infeksi HSV neonatal secara cepat sangat penting untuk menghentikan perkembangan penyakit serta mencegah komplikasi neurologis, bahkan kematian.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a well-known cause of infections including genital herpes and herpes labialis in the adolescent and adult population. Transmission of HSV infection to an infant during the first 4-6 weeks of life can lead to devastating disease with the potential for poor outcomes. Early diagnosis is imperative when evaluating neonatal HSV infection in order to prevent further disease progression, neurological complications, and even death.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a well-known cause of infections including genital herpes and herpes labialis in the adolescent and adult population. Transmission of HSV infection to an infant during the first 4-6 weeks of life can lead to devastating disease with the potential for poor outcomes. Early diagnosis is imperative when evaluating neonatal HSV infection in order to prevent further disease progression, neurological complications, and even death.
Infeksi Herpes simplex sangat umum dan dapat ditularkan dari wanita hamil ke bayinya. Virus ini dapat menyebabkan masalah kesehatan yang serius, bahkan kematian, pada bayi baru lahir. Meskipun jarang terjadi selama kehamilan, penularan sering terjadi saat persalinan. Risiko tertinggi muncul bila ibu terinfeksi pada tahap akhir kehamilan. Namun, risiko tersebut dapat dikurangi dengan penggunaan obat antivirus atau dengan memilih operasi caesar pada situasi tertentu.
Infection with herpes simplex is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Because the infection is common in women of reproductive age it can be contracted and transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy and the newborn. Herpes simplex virus is an important cause of neonatal infection, which can lead to death or long-term disabilities. Rarely in the uterus, it occurs frequently during the transmission delivery. The greatest risk of transmission to the fetus and the newborn occurs in case of an initial maternal infection contracted in the second half of pregnancy. The risk of transmission of maternal-fetal-neonatal herpes simplex can be decreased by performing a treatment with antiviral drugs or resorting to a caesarean section in some specific cases.
Infection with herpes simplex is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Because the infection is common in women of reproductive age it can be contracted and transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy and the newborn. Herpes simplex virus is an important cause of neonatal infection, which can lead to death or long-term disabilities. Rarely in the uterus, it occurs frequently during the transmission delivery. The greatest risk of transmission to the fetus and the newborn occurs in case of an initial maternal infection contracted in the second half of pregnancy. The risk of transmission of maternal-fetal-neonatal herpes simplex can be decreased by performing a treatment with antiviral drugs or resorting to a caesarean section in some specific cases.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) tipe 1 dan 2 menginfeksi banyak orang di seluruh dunia. Biasanya virus tetap dorman di sel saraf setelah menginfeksi kulit, namun kemudian dapat aktif kembali dan menyebabkan luka dingin. Terkadang, hal ini menimbulkan komplikasi serius seperti infeksi mata, radang otak, atau kondisi berbahaya pada bayi baru lahir serta pada orang dengan sistem kekebalan tubuh yang lemah. Meskipun obat‑obatan yang ada saat ini dapat mengendalikan infeksi, risiko resistensi obat dan efek samping tetap menjadi perhatian. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan obat‑obatan baru yang dapat menargetkan virus dengan lebih efektif.
Infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 is ubiquitous in the human population. Most commonly, virus replication is limited to the epithelia and establishes latency in enervating sensory neurons, reactivating periodically to produce localized recurrent lesions. However, these viruses can also cause severe disease such as recurrent keratitis leading potentially to blindness, as well as encephalitis, and systemic disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. Although antiviral therapy has allowed continual and substantial improvement in the management of both primary and recurrent infections, resistance to currently available drugs and long-term toxicity pose a current and future threat that should be addressed through the development of new antiviral compounds directed against new targets.
Infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 is ubiquitous in the human population. Most commonly, virus replication is limited to the epithelia and establishes latency in enervating sensory neurons, reactivating periodically to produce localized recurrent lesions. However, these viruses can also cause severe disease such as recurrent keratitis leading potentially to blindness, as well as encephalitis, and systemic disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. Although antiviral therapy has allowed continual and substantial improvement in the management of both primary and recurrent infections, resistance to currently available drugs and long-term toxicity pose a current and future threat that should be addressed through the development of new antiviral compounds directed against new targets.
Ada dua jenis virus herpes simpleks (herpes simplex), yaitu tipe 1 (HSV‑1) dan tipe 2 (HSV‑2). HSV‑1 lebih sering menyebabkan infeksi di sekitar mulut, sedangkan HSV‑2 lebih sering menyebabkan infeksi genital. Virus ini ditularkan melalui kontak langsung dengan orang yang terinfeksi. Herpes genital diklasifikasikan sebagai infeksi menular seksual. Virus ini dapat menyebar ke bayi saat melahirkan. Setelah terinfeksi, virus diangkut melalui saraf sensorik ke badan sel saraf, tempat virus tersebut bersembunyi seumur hidup. Penyebab kekambuhan meliputi penurunan fungsi kekebalan tubuh, stres, dan paparan sinar matahari.
Dalam kebanyakan kasus, obat antivirus hanya diberikan ketika gejala parah. Obat antivirus harian mungkin diresepkan untuk orang yang sangat sering mengalami infeksi. Tidak ada vaksin yang tersedia, dan vaksin herpes zoster tidak mencegah herpes simpleks. Perawatan dengan obat antivirus seperti asiklovir atau valasiklovir dapat mengurangi keparahan gejala.
Prevalensi HSV‑1 atau HSV‑2 di seluruh dunia berkisar antara 60 % hingga 95 % pada orang dewasa. HSV‑1 biasanya terinfeksi pada masa kanak‑kanak. Diperkirakan 536 juta orang di seluruh dunia (16 % dari populasi) terinfeksi HSV‑2 pada tahun 2003, dengan tingkat yang lebih tinggi pada wanita dan di negara berkembang. Kebanyakan orang dengan HSV‑2 tidak menyadari bahwa mereka terinfeksi.
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