Melasmahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melasma
Melasma Est color pellis tang vel obscura color faciei. Melasma ex solis nuditate causari putatur, inclinatio genetica, mutationes hormonum, et irritatio cutis. Etsi aliquem afficere potest, maxime commune est in mulieribus, praesertim praegnantibus et iis, qui contraceptivos vel hormona medicamenta subiciunt.

Melasma cum laseris curatione per aliquod tempus resolvi non potest, sicut morbus est in quo pigmentum continue gignitur. Acidum tranexamicum (tranexamic acid) adiuvat ad pigmentationem reducendam meliorem.

○ Curatio
In nonnullis regionibus (exempli gratia Iaponia, Corea), acidum tranexamicum (tranexamic acid) orale in calculo praesto est et efficax est. Melasma cremor cum acidum tranexamicum (tranexamic acid) et acidum azelaicum (azelaic acid) partim utile esse potest.
Hydroquinone topice adhiberi potest ad hyperpigmentationem tractandam, sed FDA constitit producta OTC quae hydroquinone sicut 2020 continet.
#Tranexamic acid [TRANSINO]

#Laser toning technique (low fluence QS1064 laser)
#Triluma
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  • Condicio communis est in feminis Asiaticis, quae in primis annis quadraginta observatur. Lesio circulata in foto propius est lentigo quam melasma.
    References Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Melasma: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review 28374042
    Tranexamic acid is a novel treatment option for melasma; however, there is no consensus on its use. This systematic review searched major databases for relevant publications to March 2016. Eleven studies with 667 participants were included. Pooled data from tranexamic acid-only observational studies with pre- and post-treatment Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) showed a decrease of 1.60 in MASI after treat?ment with tranexamic acid. The addition of tranexamic acid to routine treatment modalities resulted in a further decrease in MASI of 0.94. These results support the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid, either alone or as an adjuvant to routine treatment modalities for melasma.
     The Low-Fluence Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser Treatment for Melasma: A Systematic Review 35888655 
    NIH
    Nuper, low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG (LFQSNY) laser popularis factus est ad melasma tractandum, praesertim in Asia. Varia studia perstringens provocabat, sed LFQSNY plerumque efficax et tuta videtur pro melasmate traditis therapiis comparatis. Aliquot tamen casus hypopigmentationis maculosae delatae sunt ut effectus lateris LFQSNY, forte propter energiam laseris altam. Usus pugnax LFQSNY etiam hyperpigmentationem ex inflammatione ducere potest, praesertim in tonis cutis obscurioribus.
    Recently, the low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (LFQSNY) has been widely used for treating melasma, especially in Asia. It was hard to summarize the heterogenous studies, but LFQSNY appeared to be a generally effective and safe treatment for melasma considering the results of previous conventional therapies. However, mottled hypopigmentation has been occasionally reported to develop and persist as an adverse event of LFQSNY, which may be associated with the high accumulated laser energy. When used aggressively, even LFQSNY can induce hyperpigmentation via unwanted inflammation, especially in darker skin.
     Pigmentation Disorders: Diagnosis and Management 29431372
    Problemata pigmentationis saepe in cura primaria inveniuntur. Communia genera perturbationum hyperpigmentationis includunt post‑inflammatoria hyperpigmentatio, melasma, sunspots, freckles, café au lait spots.
    Pigmentation problems are often found in primary care. Common types of hyperpigmentation disorders include post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, sunspots, freckles, café au lait spots.