Herpes simplexhttps://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuko
Herpes simplex ni maambukizi ya virusi (herpes virus). Maambukizi yanawekwa kulingana na sehemu ya mwili iliyoambukizwa. Herpes ya mdomo ni ugonjwa wa kawaida unaoshawishi uso au mdomo. Inaweza kusababisha vidonda vidogo vya baridi au malengelenge ya homa. Malengelenge katika sehemu za siri, ambazo mara nyingi huitwa tu herpes, zinaweza kuwa na dalili ndogo au kuunda malengelenge yanayopasuka na kusababisha vidonda vidogo. Hizi kawaida hudumu zaidi ya wiki mbili hadi nne. Maumivu ya kupiga yanaweza kutokea kabla ya kuonekana kwa malengelenge. Kipindi cha kwanza mara nyingi huwa kali zaidi na kinaweza kuambatana na homa, maumivu ya misuli, nodi za limfu zilizovimba, na maumivu ya kichwa. Matatizo mengine yanayosababishwa na virusi vya herpes ni pamoja na: herpetic whitlow, herpes ya jicho, na herpes ya watoto wachanga inapoathiri mtoto mchanga.

Kuna aina mbili za virusi vya herpes simplex, aina ya 1 (HSV-1) na aina ya 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 mara nyingi husababisha maambukizo karibu na mdomo, wakati HSV-2 husababisha maambukizo katika sehemu za siri. Vinasambazwa kwa kuwasiliana moja kwa moja na mtu aliyeambukizwa. Malengelenge ya sehemu za siri huchukuliwa kama maambukizo ya zinaa. Inaweza kuenea kwa mtoto mchanga wakati wa kuzaa. Baada ya kuambukizwa, virusi husafirishwa pamoja na mishipa ya hisia hadi kwenye miili ya seli za ujasiri, ambako hukaa maisha yote. Sababu za kurudiwa kwa maambukizo zinaweza kujumuisha: kupungua kwa kinga ya mwili, msongo wa mawazo, na mwanga wa jua.

Kwenye hali nyingi, dawa za antiviral huchukuliwa tu wakati dalili ni kali. Dawa ya antiviral ya kila siku inaweza kuagizwa kwa mtu aliye na maambukizo ya mara kwa mara. Hakuna chanjo inayopatikana, na chanjo ya shingles haizuii herpes simplex. Matibabu kwa kutumia dawa za kuzuia virusi kama aciclovir au valaciclovir yanaweza kupunguza ukali wa dalili.

Viwango vya ulimwengu kwa HSV-1 au HSV-2 ni kati ya 60 % na 95 % kwa watu wazima. HSV-1 kawaida huambukizwa wakati wa utoto. Inakadiriwa kuwa watu milioni 536 duniani kote (16 % ya idadi ya watu) waliambukizwa HSV-2 kufikia mwaka 2003, na viwango vya juu zaidi yanapatikana miongoni mwa wanawake na katika nchi zinazoendelea. Watu wengi walio na HSV-2 hawatambui kuwa wameambukizwa.

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Epuka mguso wowote wa kimwili, kama vile kumbusu mtoto, wakati malengelenge yapo, kwani kugusa kunaweza kusambaza maambukizo kwa watu wengine. Unapaswa kupumzika na kuepuka pombe.
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☆ Katika matokeo ya 2022 ya Stiftung Warentest kutoka Ujerumani, kuridhika kwa watumiaji na ModelDerm kulikuwa chini kidogo kuliko na mashauriano ya matibabu ya simu yanayolipishwa.
  • Herpes simplex kwenye mdomo.
  • Herpes simplex ― Maambukizi ya Herpes simplex kwenye vidole ni ya kawaida zaidi kwa watoto wadogo kuliko kwa watu wazima.
  • Ikiwa dalili ni kali, kuchukua dawa za kuzuia virusi husaidia kupunguza dalili kwa kiasi kikubwa.
  • Ikitokea mdomoni, angular cheilitis inapaswa kutofautishwa. Hata hivyo, katika picha hii, kuna uwezekano mkubwa wa kuwa na herpes kwa sababu kuna malengelenge madogo karibu na kinywa.
  • Herpes gingiva ― Maambukizi ya ngiri yanaweza kutokea sio tu mdomoni, bali pia katika sehemu za ndani ya mdomo, perinasal na periocular.
  • Herpes genitalis kwa wanawake.
  • Herpes kwenye matako ni dalili ya kurudi tena wakati wa uchovu.
  • Katika visa vya maambukizi yaliyoenea, matibabu ya kina yanaweza kuhitajika.
References Herpes Simplex Type 1 29489260 
NIH
Maambukizi ya HSV-1 huanza kwa kuingia kwenye seli za epithelial, kisha husafiri hadi kwenye neva, hasa katika neurons, na hupandikizia tena. HSV-1 kwa kawaida husababisha milipuko ya awali na ya mara kwa mara yenye vidonda vya vesicular, hasa kwenye mdomo na utando wa uzazi. Dalili zake zinaweza kuanzia ugonjwa wa malengelenge ya orolabial hadi hali mbalimbali kama vile herpetic folliculitis, maambukizo ya ngozi, ushtuko wa macho, na kesi kali kama vile herpes encephalitis. Tiba ya antiviral husaidia kudhibiti maambukizi ya HSV.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a member of the Alphaherpesviridae subfamily. Its structure is composed of linear dsDNA, an icosahedral capsid that is 100 to 110 nm in diameter, with a spikey envelope. In general, the pathogenesis of HSV-1 infection follows a cycle of primary infection of epithelial cells, latency primarily in neurons, and reactivation. HSV-1 is responsible for establishing primary and recurrent vesicular eruptions, primarily in the orolabial and genital mucosa. HSV-1 infection has a wide variety of presentations, including orolabial herpes, herpetic sycosis (HSV folliculitis), herpes gladiatorum, herpetic whitlow, ocular HSV infection, herpes encephalitis, Kaposi varicelliform eruption (eczema herpeticum), and severe or chronic HSV infection. Antiviral therapy limits the course of HSV infection.
 Herpes Simplex Type 2 32119314 
NIH
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) ni maambukizi yaliyoenea, yanayoathiri karibu 22 % ya watu wazima wenye umri wa miaka 12 na zaidi, jumla ya watu wazima milioni 45 nchini Marekani. Ingawa HSV-1 husababisha vidonda vya mdomo, inaweza pia kusababisha vidonda vya sehemu za siri. Hata hivyo, kwa wagonjwa walio na vidonda vya sehemu za siri, HSV-2 ni chanzo kikuu cha wasiwasi. Dalili za milipuko ya HSV-2 mara nyingi hazieleweki, kama vile kuwasha na muwasho katika sehemu za siri, jambo ambalo linaweza kuchelewesha utambuzi na matibabu. Ucheleweshaji huu unaweza kusababisha maambukizi zaidi kwa watu ambao hawajaambukizwa.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) continues to be a common infection, affecting approximately 22% of adults ages 12 and older, representing 45 million adults in the United States alone. While HSV-1 often affects the perioral region and can be known to cause genital lesions, HSV-2 is more commonly the consideration when patients present with genital lesions. Despite this, most outbreaks of the infection will present with nonspecific symptoms such as genital itching, irritation, and excoriations, which may cause diagnosis and treatment to be delayed. As a result, further exposure to uninfected individuals may occur.
 Prevention and Treatment of Neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infection 32044154 
NIH
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) mara nyingi husababisha maambukizo kama vile malengelenge katika sehemu za siri na vidonda vya baridi kwa vijana na watu wazima. Wakati HSV inapomwambukiza mtoto mchanga ndani ya wiki 4–6 za kwanza za maisha, inaweza kusababisha ugonjwa mbaya na matokeo mabaya. Utambuzi wa haraka wa maambukizo ya HSV kwa watoto wachanga ni muhimu ili kukomesha ugonjwa huo kuwa mbaya zaidi na kuzuia shida za neva (hata kifo).
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a well-known cause of infections including genital herpes and herpes labialis in the adolescent and adult population. Transmission of HSV infection to an infant during the first 4-6 weeks of life can lead to devastating disease with the potential for poor outcomes. Early diagnosis is imperative when evaluating neonatal HSV infection in order to prevent further disease progression, neurological complications, and even death.
 Herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy 22566740 
NIH
Herpes simplex Maambukizi ni ya kawaida sana na yanaweza kuambukizwa kutoka kwa wajawazito hadi kwa watoto. Virusi hivi vinaweza kusababisha matatizo makubwa ya kiafya au hata kifo kwa watoto wachanga. Ingawa ni nadra wakati wa ujauzito yenyewe, mara nyingi hutokea wakati wa kujifungua. Hatari ni kubwa zaidi ikiwa mama ataambukizwa katika hatua za baadaye za ujauzito. Hata hivyo, hatari hii inaweza kupunguzwa kwa kutumia dawa za kuzuia virusi au kwa kuchukua sehemu ya C katika hali fulani.
Infection with herpes simplex is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections. Because the infection is common in women of reproductive age it can be contracted and transmitted to the fetus during pregnancy and the newborn. Herpes simplex virus is an important cause of neonatal infection, which can lead to death or long-term disabilities. Rarely in the uterus, it occurs frequently during the transmission delivery. The greatest risk of transmission to the fetus and the newborn occurs in case of an initial maternal infection contracted in the second half of pregnancy. The risk of transmission of maternal-fetal-neonatal herpes simplex can be decreased by performing a treatment with antiviral drugs or resorting to a caesarean section in some specific cases.
 Clinical management of herpes simplex virus infections: past, present, and future 30443341 
NIH
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) aina ya 1 na 2 huambukiza watu wengi duniani kote. Kawaida, virusi hukaa kimya katika seli za neva baada ya kuambukiza ngozi, lakini inaweza kuamsha baadaye na kusababisha vidonda vya baridi. Wakati mwingine husababisha matatizo makubwa kama maambukizi ya macho, uvimbe wa ubongo, au hali hatari kwa watoto wachanga na watu wenye kinga dhaifu. Ingawa dawa za sasa husaidia kudhibiti maambukizo, hatari ya kupinga dawa na athari mbaya inabaki kuwa wasiwasi. Tunahitaji dawa mpya ili kulenga virusi vyema.
Infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 is ubiquitous in the human population. Most commonly, virus replication is limited to the epithelia and establishes latency in enervating sensory neurons, reactivating periodically to produce localized recurrent lesions. However, these viruses can also cause severe disease such as recurrent keratitis leading potentially to blindness, as well as encephalitis, and systemic disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. Although antiviral therapy has allowed continual and substantial improvement in the management of both primary and recurrent infections, resistance to currently available drugs and long-term toxicity pose a current and future threat that should be addressed through the development of new antiviral compounds directed against new targets.