Melasma https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melasma
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melasma
☆ AI Dermatology — Free ServiceNinu awọn abajade 2022 Stiftung Warentest lati Jẹmánì, itẹlọrun alabara pẹlu ModelDerm jẹ kekere diẹ ju pẹlu awọn ijumọsọrọ telemedicine isanwo.   - O jẹ ipo ti o wọpọ ti a ṣe akiyesi ninu awọn obinrin Asia ní ibẹrẹ ọdún 40. Egbo yiyi naa fọto sunmọ lentigo ju melasma lọ. 
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References Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Melasma: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review 28374042
 Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Melasma: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review 28374042Tranexamic acid is a novel treatment option for melasma; however, there is no consensus on its use. This systematic review searched major databases for relevant publications to March 2016. Eleven studies with 667 participants were included. Pooled data from tranexamic acid-only observational studies with pre- and post-treatment Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) showed a decrease of 1.60 in MASI after treat?ment with tranexamic acid. The addition of tranexamic acid to routine treatment modalities resulted in a further decrease in MASI of 0.94. These results support the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid, either alone or as an adjuvant to routine treatment modalities for melasma.
 The Low-Fluence Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser Treatment for Melasma: A Systematic Review 35888655
 The Low-Fluence Q-Switched Nd:YAG Laser Treatment for Melasma: A Systematic Review 35888655 NIH
Laipẹ, laser low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG (LFQSNY) ti di olokiki fun atọju melasma, paapaa ni Asia. Akopọ awọn ijinlẹ oniruuru jẹ nija, ṣugbọn LFQSNY dabi iwulo gbogbogbo ati ailewu fun melasma ni akawe si awọn itọju ti aṣa. Bibẹẹkọ, diẹ ninu awọn ọran ti hypopigmentation mottled ni a ti royin bi ipa ẹgbẹ ti LFQSNY, o ṣee ṣe nitori agbara laser giga. Lilo ibinu ti LFQSNY tun le ja si hyperpigmentation lati iredodo, paapaa ni awọn ohun orin awọ dudu.
Recently, the low-fluence Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (LFQSNY) has been widely used for treating melasma, especially in Asia. It was hard to summarize the heterogenous studies, but LFQSNY appeared to be a generally effective and safe treatment for melasma considering the results of previous conventional therapies. However, mottled hypopigmentation has been occasionally reported to develop and persist as an adverse event of LFQSNY, which may be associated with the high accumulated laser energy. When used aggressively, even LFQSNY can induce hyperpigmentation via unwanted inflammation, especially in darker skin.
 Pigmentation Disorders: Diagnosis and Management 29431372
 Pigmentation Disorders: Diagnosis and Management 29431372Awọn iṣoro pigmentation nigbagbogbo farahan ni itọju akọkọ. Awọn oriṣi wọpọ ti awọn rudurudu hyperpigmentation ni post‑inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, sunspots, freckles, àti café au lait spots.
Pigmentation problems are often found in primary care. Common types of hyperpigmentation disorders include post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, melasma, sunspots, freckles, café au lait spots.
 
Melasma kò le yanju patapata pẹ̀lú itọju laser, nítorí pé ó jẹ́ ipo tí awọ ara ń ṣe atunṣe nigbagbogbo. Tranexamic acid ṣe iranlọwọ láti dín pigmentation kù.
○ Itọju
Ni diẹ ninu awọn orilẹ‑èdè (fun apẹẹrẹ Japan, Korea), tranexamic acid wa lori counter àti pé ó munadoko. Ipara melasma pẹ̀lú tranexamic acid àti azelaic acid le jẹ́ iranlọwọ ní apá kan.
Hydroquinone le ṣee lo lori awọ ara fún itọju hyperpigmentation, ṣùgbọ́n FDA ti dawọ́ àwọn ọja OTC tí ó ní hydroquinone láti ọdún 2020.
#Tranexamic acid [TRANSINO]
#Laser toning technique (low fluence QS1064 laser)
#Triluma