Atopic dermatitis - 特应性皮炎
常见于裸露的褶皱处，例如眼睑和颈部。特应性皮炎通常是由对花粉或螨虫过敏引起的。
这种类型的急性湿疹对低效皮质类固醇洗剂反应良好。最好尽早使用外用药物，因为抓伤后病变会变厚并变成苔藓。
relevance score : -100.0%
References特应性皮炎是一种湿疹，也是最常见的慢性皮肤炎症。其发病原因复杂，涉及遗传和环境因素，导致皮肤屏障和免疫系统异常。
Atopic dermatitis (AD), which is a specific form of eczema, is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Atopic dermatitis has a complex etiology including genetic and environmental factors which lead to abnormalities in the epidermis and the immune system.
Atopic dermatitis (AD), which is a specific form of eczema, is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease. Atopic dermatitis has a complex etiology including genetic and environmental factors which lead to abnormalities in the epidermis and the immune system.
特应性皮炎发作的主要治疗方法是使用外用皮质类固醇。吡美莫司和他克莫司是局部钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂，可与外用皮质类固醇联合使用作为首选治疗。当标准疗法不足时，紫外线光疗是治疗中度至重度特应性皮炎的安全有效选择。针对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗生素可有效防治继发性皮肤感染。虽然较新的药物（crisaborole 和 dupilumab）显示出治疗特应性皮炎的前景，但目前对多数患者而言费用仍然过高。
The primary treatment for flare-ups of atopic dermatitis is using topical corticosteroids. Pimecrolimus and tacrolimus, which are topical calcineurin inhibitors, can be added to topical corticosteroids as initial treatment. When standard treatments aren't enough, ultraviolet phototherapy is a safe and effective option for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Antibiotics targeting Staphylococcus aureus are effective against secondary skin infections. While newer medications (crisaborole, dupilumab) show promise for treating atopic dermatitis, they're currently too expensive for many patients.
The primary treatment for flare-ups of atopic dermatitis is using topical corticosteroids. Pimecrolimus and tacrolimus, which are topical calcineurin inhibitors, can be added to topical corticosteroids as initial treatment. When standard treatments aren't enough, ultraviolet phototherapy is a safe and effective option for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Antibiotics targeting Staphylococcus aureus are effective against secondary skin infections. While newer medications (crisaborole, dupilumab) show promise for treating atopic dermatitis, they're currently too expensive for many patients.
特应性皮炎是全科医学中常见的问题，尤其在儿童中更为常见。为患有该疾病的儿童开具局部类固醇处方时，需要充分掌握相关知识。要让家长坚持治疗，必须进行充分的解释，以减轻他们对皮质类固醇长期副作用的担忧。
Atopic dermatitis is a common issue in general practice, especially among children. Prescribing topical steroids for kids with this condition requires a good grasp of it. Getting parents to follow through with treatment involves explaining well, easing their worries about long-term side effects of corticosteroids.
Atopic dermatitis is a common issue in general practice, especially among children. Prescribing topical steroids for kids with this condition requires a good grasp of it. Getting parents to follow through with treatment involves explaining well, easing their worries about long-term side effects of corticosteroids.
在儿童中，膝盖和肘部内侧最常受累；在成人中，手和脚最常受影响。抓挠受累部位会加重症状，并增加皮肤感染的风险。许多特应性皮炎患者还会合并其他过敏性疾病，如花粉热或哮喘。
病因尚不明确，但居住在城市或气候干燥地区的人更易发病。接触化学品（例如肥皂）或频繁洗手会使症状恶化。情绪压力可能加重症状，但并非根本原因。
治疗方法包括：避免诱因（如使用肥皂）、在出现红斑时使用类固醇药膏，以及口服止痒药物。常见的加重因素有羊毛衣物、肥皂、香水、灰尘、饮酒和香烟烟雾。若出现细菌感染，可能需要使用抗生素（口服药丸或外用乳膏）。
○ 治疗 - 非处方药
在患处涂抹非处方类固醇并服用非处方抗组胺药是有效的，通常是首要措施。可以使用各种保湿剂，但由于特应性皮炎是一种免疫性疾病，仅靠保湿霜无法解决所有问题。用肥皂清洗病变部位可能会使症状恶化。当失眠或感到压力时，症状往往会加重。
* 非处方抗组胺药
#Cetirizine [Zytec]
#Diphenhydramine [Benadryl]
#LevoCetirizine [Xyzal]
#Fexofenadine [Allegra]
#Loratadine [Claritin]
* 非处方类固醇
#Hydrocortisone cream
#Hydrocortisone ointment
#Hydrocortisone lotion
* 非处方保湿霜
#Eucerin
#Cetaphil