Herpes zoster - 带状疱疹https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingles
带状疱疹 (Herpes zoster) 是一种病毒性疾病,其特征是局部区域出现疼痛性皮疹并伴有水泡。通常,皮疹出现在身体或面部的左侧或右侧的单个宽条纹上。皮疹出现前两到四天,该区域可能会出现刺痛或局部疼痛。否则,有些患者可能只是发烧或头痛,或感到疲倦,而没有典型的皮疹。皮疹通常会在两到四个星期内痊愈;然而,有些人会出现持续性神经疼痛,可持续数月或数年,这种情况称为带状疱疹后神经痛 (PHN)。免疫功能差的人可能会广泛出现皮疹。如果皮疹涉及眼睛,可能会导致视力丧失。据估计,大约有三分之一的人受苦 带状疱疹 (herpes zoster) 在他们生命中的某个时刻。而 带状疱疹 (herpes zoster) 多见于老年人,儿童也可能得此病。

水痘,也称为水痘,是由病毒初次感染引起的,通常发生在儿童期或青春期。一旦水痘治愈,病毒可以在人类神经细胞中保持不活跃(休眠)数年或数十年,之后可能会重新激活。 带状疱疹 (herpes zoster) 当休眠的水痘病毒重新激活时的结果。然后病毒沿着神经体传播到皮肤的神经末梢,产生水泡。在 带状疱疹 (herpes zoster) 爆发期间,暴露于 带状疱疹 (herpes zoster) 中发现的水痘病毒对于尚未患过水痘的人来说,水泡可能会导致水痘。

休眠病毒重新激活的危险因素包括年老、免疫功能差以及 18 个月前感染过水痘。水痘带状疱疹病毒与单纯疱疹病毒不同,尽管两者属于同一疱疹病毒家族。

带状疱疹 (herpes zoster) 疫苗可降低 带状疱疹 (herpes zoster) 的风险50% 至 90%。它还可以降低带状疱疹后神经痛的发生率,并且,如果 带状疱疹 (herpes zoster) 发生,其严重性。如果 带状疱疹 (herpes zoster) 如果在皮疹出现后 72 小时内开始使用阿昔洛韦等抗病毒药物,可以减少疾病的严重程度和持续时间。

治疗
如果病变迅速扩散,请尽快去看医生进行抗病毒治疗。
抗病毒药物和神经痛药物都是需要的。你应该休息并停止饮酒。
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  • 脖子和肩膀上带状疱疹水泡
  • 带状疱疹 ― 第 5 天;如果开始治疗,疾病症状通常会在五天左右消失。
  • 如果带状疱疹广泛传播,如果抗病毒治疗延迟,患者可能会长时间出现疼痛的水泡。
  • 疤痕可能是带状疱疹造成的,即使体内的疱疹病毒消失,疤痕也会持续很长时间。
  • 如果额头受到影响,往往会伴有头痛。如果病变影响到鼻子周围区域,请务必检查您的视力是否正常。
  • 此病例展示了带状疱疹的典型皮节分布。
  • 带状疱疹 ― Day1
  • 带状疱疹 ― Day2
  • 带状疱疹第 6 天 ― 尽管病变不再进展,但硬皮和疤痕可能会持续一个多月。
  • 带状疱疹晚期,痂皮和红斑可能会持续1个月以上。
  • 带状疱疹即使治愈后也会留下疤痕。
  • 带状疱疹;伤疤
References Herpes Zoster and Postherpetic Neuralgia: Prevention and Management 29431387
带状疱疹是由导致水痘的水痘带状疱疹病毒重新激活引起的,在美国每年影响约 100 万人,终生患病风险为 30%。免疫系统较弱的人更容易患带状疱疹,症状通常以不适、头痛和轻度发烧开始,然后在出现皮疹前几天出现不寻常的皮肤感觉。这种皮疹通常出现在身体的特定区域,在一周到十天内从透明水泡发展为结痂的疮口。皮疹出现后 72 小时内及时使用抗病毒药物治疗 (acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir) 至关重要。带状疱疹后神经痛是一种常见并发症,其特征是受影响区域长期疼痛,影响约五分之一的患者,需要持续使用加巴喷丁、普加巴林或某些抗抑郁药等药物以及利多卡因或辣椒素等外用药物进行治疗。建议 50 岁及以上的成年人接种水痘带状疱疹病毒疫苗,以降低患带状疱疹的风险。
Shingles, caused by the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus responsible for chickenpox, affects around 1 million people annually in the United States, with a lifetime risk of 30%. Those with weakened immune systems are significantly more prone to developing shingles, with symptoms typically starting with malaise, headache, and a mild fever, followed by unusual skin sensations a few days before the appearance of a rash. This rash, usually appearing in a specific area of the body, progresses from clear blisters to crusted sores over a week to ten days. Prompt treatment with antiviral medications (acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir) within 72 hours of rash onset is crucial. Postherpetic neuralgia, a common complication characterized by prolonged pain in the affected area, affects about one in five patients and requires ongoing management with medications such as gabapentin, pregabalin, or certain antidepressants, along with topical agents like lidocaine or capsaicin. Vaccination against the varicella zoster virus is recommended for adults aged 50 and above to reduce the risk of shingles.
 Epidemiology, treatment and prevention of herpes zoster: A comprehensive review 29516900
Herpes zoster 在 50 岁及以上的人群、免疫系统较弱的人群以及服用免疫抑制剂的人群中更常见。它是由水痘带状疱疹病毒重新激活引发的,水痘带状疱疹病毒与引起水痘的病毒相同。发烧、疼痛和瘙痒等症状通常先于特征性皮疹出现。最常见的并发症是带状疱疹后神经痛,即皮疹消失后持续的神经疼痛。与带状疱疹相关的危险因素和并发症因年龄、免疫健康状况和开始治疗的时间而异。 60岁及以上人士接种疫苗已被证明可显着减少带状疱疹和带状疱疹后神经痛的发生。在皮疹出现后 72 小时内开始使用抗病毒药物和止痛药可以减轻带状疱疹和带状疱疹后神经痛的严重程度和并发症。
Herpes zoster tends to occur more frequently in people aged 50 and older, those with weakened immune systems, and those taking immunosuppressant medications. It's triggered by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, the same virus that causes chickenpox. Symptoms like fever, pain, and itching commonly precede the appearance of the characteristic rash. The most common complication is post-herpetic neuralgia, which is persistent nerve pain after the rash clears up. The risk factors and complications associated with herpes zoster vary depending on age, immune health, and timing of treatment initiation. Vaccination for individuals aged 60 and above has been shown to significantly reduce the occurrence of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia. Starting antiviral medications and pain relievers within 72 hours of rash onset can lessen the severity and complications of herpes zoster and post-herpetic neuralgia.
 Prevention of Herpes Zoster: A Focus on the Effectiveness and Safety of Herpes Zoster Vaccines 36560671 
NIH
批准前的临床试验表明,带状疱疹活疫苗的效果约为50%至70%,而重组疫苗的效果更好,为90%至97%。在现实世界的研究中,他们支持了试验结果,表明活疫苗的有效性约为 46%,而重组疫苗的有效性约为 85%。
The pre-licensure clinical trials show the efficacy of the live zoster vaccine to be between 50 and 70% and for the recombinant vaccine to be higher at 90 to 97%. Real-world effectiveness studies, with a follow-up of approximately 10 years, were reviewed in this article. These data corroborated the efficacy studies, with vaccine effectiveness being 46% and 85% for the live and recombinant vaccines, respectively.